Signifies that the statement is a pragma (compiler directive). Pragmas are processed at compile time, not at run time. They do not affect the meaning of a program; they simply convey information to the compiler.
1) Autonomous Transaction
Autonomous Transactions is the child transaction, which are Independent of Parent transactions. In Our Example, p1 is child transaction, which is used in the Parent transaction.
Example: -
CREATE or REPLACE Procedure p1 IS
Pragma Autonomous_transaction;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEST_T VALUES (1111,’PHANI1’);
COMMIT;
END;
In the Declaration section, you will declare this Transaction as the Autonomous Transaction.
DECLARE
A NUMBER;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEST_T VALUES (2222,’JACK’);
P1;
ROLLBACK;
END;
NOW Table has (1111,’PHANI’) Record. COMMIT in the PROCEDURE P1 have not commit the Outside (p1) DML operations. It will just commit p1 transactions.
The ROLLBACK will not rollback PHANI record, it will just rollback the JACK record.
CREATE or REPLACE Procedure p1 IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEST_T VALUES (1111,’PHANI1’);
COMMIT;
END;
If I remove the Pragma Autonomous_transaction From the declaration section, then this transaction will become the normal transaction. Now if you try to use the same parent transaction as given below.
>> delete from TEST_T;
DECLARE
A NUMBER;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEST_T VALUES (2222,’JACK’);
P1; -- This transaction has ended with the COMMIT;
ROLLBACK;
END;
After executing the above transaction, you can see BOTH records got Inserted (PHANI and JACK records). Here COMMIT in P1 will commit both transactions (PHANI and JACK Records Insert) And then Rollback. Since, there are no transactions happening between COMMIT and ROLLBACK. Our ROLLBACK is not doing any ROLLBACK.
Note: - IF COMMIT is not given in P1 then, the ROLLBACK will do the ROLLBACK both the INSERT transaction (PHANI Record which is in p1 procedure and JACK Record).
2) Pragma Restrict_references
It gives the Purity Level of the Function in the package.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PKG12 AS
FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER;
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (F1, WNDS,
RNDS,
WNPS,
RNPS);
END PKG12;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY PKG12 AS
FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER IS
X NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT EMPNO INTO X FROM SCOTT.EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘SCOTT’;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (X);
RETURN (X);
END F1;
END PKG12;
You will get the Violate It’s Associated Pragma Error. This in Purity Level, we said
It cannot read from the database. RNDS (In Our Function F1, we have SELECT STATEMENT which is reading the data from the database).
3)
Pragma SERIALLY_REUSABLE
In my 5 Years of Experience in the Oracle Applications, I have never found the requirement to use this feature :). But, I found this feature is used in some standard Oracle Packages. We may use this feature for improving the performance or to meet certain requirements.
This pragma is appropriate for packages that declare large temporary work areas that are used once and not needed during subsequent database calls in the same session.
You can mark a bodiless package as serially reusable. If a package has a spec and body, you must mark both. You cannot mark only the body.
The global memory for serially reusable packages is pooled in the System Global Area (SGA), not allocated to individual users in the User Global Area (UGA). That way, the package work area can be reused. When the call to the server ends, the memory is returned to the pool. Each time the package is reused, its public variables are initialized to their default values or to NULL.
Serially reusable packages cannot be accessed from database triggers or other PL/SQL subprograms that are called from SQL statements. If you try, Oracle generates an error.
Examples
WITH PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE
The following example creates a serially reusable package:
CREATE PACKAGE pkg1 IS
PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE;
num NUMBER := 0;
PROCEDURE init_pkg_state(n NUMBER);
PROCEDURE print_pkg_state;
END pkg1;
/
CREATE PACKAGE BODY pkg1 IS
PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE;
PROCEDURE init_pkg_state (n NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
pkg1.num := n;
END;
PROCEDURE print_pkg_state IS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Num: ' || pkg1.num);
END;
END pkg1;
/
begin
pkg1.init_pkg_state(10);
pkg1.PRINT_PKG_STATE;
end;
Num: 10
begin
pkg1.PRINT_PKG_STATE;
end;
Num: 0
Note: - The first block is changing the value of the variable (num) to 10 and if I check the value in same block then it is showing the changed value that is 10. But, if I try to check the value of the (num) variable then it should the default value given to it (i.e.) “0”
WITHOUT PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pkg1 IS
num NUMBER := 0;
PROCEDURE init_pkg_state(n NUMBER);
PROCEDURE print_pkg_state;
END pkg1;
CREATE PACKAGE BODY pkg1 IS
PROCEDURE init_pkg_state (n NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
pkg1.num := n;
END;
PROCEDURE print_pkg_state IS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Num: ' || pkg1.num);
END;
END pkg1;
begin
pkg1.init_pkg_state(10);
pkg1.PRINT_PKG_STATE;
end;
>>Num: 10
begin
pkg1.PRINT_PKG_STATE;
end;
>>Num: 10
Note: - Now, you may noticed the difference. The second block is giving us the changed value.
DROP PACKAGE pkg1;
(There are many other pragma's like Pragma Exception_init etc. I have not convered these concepts in this article. I will cover them in Exception concept article)
